Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious cancers affecting women, often called the “silent killer” because its early symptoms can be vague and easily overlooked. On World Ovarian Cancer Day, it's crucial to raise awareness about this disease, especially for women and families who trust us with their health.

What is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries-the reproductive glands that produce eggs and hormones. There are several types, with epithelial ovarian cancer being the most common. Others include stromal tumours and germ cell tumours, which are rarer and can affect younger women.

Signs and Symptoms

Ovarian cancer symptoms are often subtle, especially in the early stages. However, being aware of persistent changes in your body can be lifesaving. The most commonly reported symptoms include:

• Persistent abdominal bloating or swelling
• Pelvic or lower abdominal pain
• Feeling full quickly or trouble eating
• Needing to urinate often or urgently

Other possible symptoms are:

• Changes in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhoea)
• Unexplained weight gain or loss
• Excessive fatigue
• Lower back pain
• Indigestion or nausea
• Bleeding after menopause or between periods
• Pain during sex

These symptoms can be caused by other, less serious conditions. However, if they are new, persistent (more than 12 times a month), or worsening, consult your doctor promptly.

Probable Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not fully understood, but several factors can increase risk:

• Age: Risk increases with age, most commonly after menopause.
• Genetic mutations: Inherited mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and those associated with Lynch syndrome significantly raise the risk.
• Family history: Having close relatives with ovarian or breast cancer increases your risk.
• Hormone replacement therapy: Especially oestrogen-only therapy after menopause.
• Other factors: Endometriosis, obesity, never having been pregnant, and early menstruation or late menopause.

Most ovarian cancers are not inherited but result from genetic changes acquired during a woman’s lifetime.

Diagnostic Tools

Since there is no reliable early screening test for ovarian cancer, diagnosis often begins with a review of symptoms and medical history. If ovarian cancer is suspected, doctors may use several tools:

• Pelvic examination: Physical check for lumps or tenderness.
• Transvaginal ultrasound (TVU): The most common imaging test to identify abnormalities in the ovaries.
• CA125 blood test: Measures a protein that can be elevated in ovarian cancer, though not specific to it.
• CT scans and MRI: To assess the spread and stage of the disease.
• Biopsy: Tissue samples may be taken for definitive diagnosis.

Early detection is challenging, so awareness of symptoms and risk factors is vital.

Preventive Measures

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer, some steps may reduce risk:

• Genetic counselling: Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer should consider genetic testing for BRCA and other mutations.
• Oral contraceptives: Long-term use has been shown to lower ovarian cancer risk, but discuss risks and benefits with your doctor.
• Healthy lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy weight and managing risk factors like endometriosis may help.
• Surgical options: For women at very high risk (such as those with BRCA mutations), preventive removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes may be considered.

When to Seek Help

Listen to your body. If you notice persistent changes or have concerns, see your doctor. Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes. If you’re not satisfied with the initial assessment, seek a second opinion-your health is worth it.

Empowering women with knowledge is the first step in fighting ovarian cancer. Share this information with loved ones and encourage regular check-ups. If you have questions or concerns, our team is here to support you.