Pneumonia – a brief overview

Pneumonia is one of the most common and serious respiratory infections affecting newborns and young children worldwide. It occurs when the lungs become inflamed due to bacterial, viral, or, in rare cases, fungal infections. Unfortunately since children have developing immune systems and smaller airways, pneumonia can progress quickly, making early detection and timely treatment essential.

So what causes pneumonia in newborns and children?

It’s important to understand the underlying reasons of pneumonia in newborns. Pneumonia is often linked to infections acquired during or shortly after birth. Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, and certain viral infections are common culprits during the neonatal period. Premature babies are at higher risk because their lungs and immune systems are not fully developed.

In older infants and young children, pneumonia is frequently caused by viruses such as the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus or adenovirus. Bacterial pneumonia—often due to Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae—is more common in children above six months of age. Environmental factors like exposure to pollution, crowded living conditions, and second-hand smoke can further increase vulnerability.

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

There are certain common symptoms of pneumonia, recognising which early is key to preventing complications. Newborns may show subtle signs such as poor feeding, low activity, irritability or difficulty breathing. They may also develop a fever or, in some cases, low body temperature.

In children, symptoms are typically more noticeable. These include:

• Fast or laboured breathing
• Persistent cough
• Fever and chills
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Nasal flaring or grunting
• Bluish lips or fingertips due to low oxygen levels

A child with pneumonia may also appear unusually tired, clingy, or less interested in playing.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Pneumonia is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examinations, medical history and, if needed, tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. In newborns, additional tests may be performed to rule out sepsis.

Treatment usually depends on the cause. Viral pneumonia usually improves with supportive care—rest, adequate fluids, fever management and monitoring. Bacterial pneumonia requires antibiotics, which are most effective when started early. For severe cases, especially in newborns, hospitalisation may be necessary for oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids or advanced respiratory support.

How can pneumonia be prevented?

Prevention plays a huge role in reducing pneumonia-related complications. Key steps include:

• Ensuring complete immunisation, including vaccines for pneumococcal disease, influenza and whooping cough.
• Practising proper hand hygiene at home and in childcare settings.
• Protecting children from exposure to tobacco smoke and air pollution.
• Promoting breastfeeding, which strengthens immunity in newborns and infants.

For parents of newborns, it is imperative to maintain a clean environment, keep sick visitors away and seek prompt medical care when symptoms arise.

The path to recovery

Pneumonia in newborns and children can be serious, but with early recognition, proper treatment and preventive care, most young patients recover fully. Staying informed and observant empowers parents and caregivers to ensure timely medical attention.