What is Ectopic Pregnancy?

By definition an Ectopic Pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the foetus develops outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube. It is a serious medical condition wherein unlike a normal pregnancy that develops in the uterus, it cannot proceed to term. In fact, an ectopic pregnancy poses a significant health risk to the mother and needs prompt diagnosis and medical intervention to prevent complications.

What causes Ectopic Pregnancy?

As has been mentioned, Ectopic pregnancies occur when a fertilised egg is unable to move through the fallopian tube into the uterus. There are several factors that contribute to this condition. The more common causes include:

• Fallopian Tube Damage – Scar tissue from infections, surgeries or conditions like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can block or narrow the tubes.
• Hormonal Imbalances – Irregular hormone levels can interfere with the normal movement of the fertilised egg.
• Previous Ectopic Pregnancy – Women who have had an ectopic pregnancy before are at a higher risk.
• Intrauterine Device (IUD) Use – Although rare, pregnancies that occur with an IUD in place are more likely to be ectopic.
• Smoking – Smoking can damage the fallopian tubes and affect egg movement.
• Fertility Treatments – Assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), can increase the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy.

Recognising the symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy

The symptoms of ectopic pregnancy may be difficult to spot at an early stage as the early symptoms may be similar to those of a normal pregnancy, such as a missed period, nausea and breast tenderness. However, as the pregnancy progresses, more specific and severe symptoms can develop. These include:

• Sharp or stabbing abdominal pain (usually on one side)
• Vaginal bleeding or spotting
• Shoulder pain (caused by internal bleeding irritating the diaphragm)
• Weakness, dizziness, or fainting (signs of internal bleeding)

Ectopic Pregnancy is not something to be taken lightly. It has to be kept in mind that if a fallopian tube ruptures due to an ectopic pregnancy, it can become a life-threatening emergency. This will require immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis and Treatment

There are several ways in which doctors can diagnose ectopic pregnancy. They include the following:

• Pelvic Exam – To check for tenderness or masses.
• Ultrasound – To locate the pregnancy and confirm whether it is in the uterus.
• Blood Tests – To measure hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) levels to determine if they are rising abnormally.

There is also a specified line of treatment of ectopic pregnancy. One has to keep in mind that ectopic pregnancy cannot be saved. Therefore the focus of the treatment is to remove the abnormal pregnancy while preserving the mother’s health. Treatment options include:

• Medication (Methotrexate) – If diagnosed early, doctors may prescribe methotrexate, which stops the pregnancy’s growth and allows the body to absorb the tissue naturally.
• Surgery (Laparoscopy or Laparotomy) – If the ectopic pregnancy is advanced or has ruptured, surgery may be necessary. A laparoscopic procedure involves small incisions and a camera-guided surgery to remove the pregnancy. In severe cases, a more extensive laparotomy may be required.

How can Ectopic Pregnancy be prevented?

Unfortunately, not all ectopic pregnancies can be prevented. However, the risk factors can definitely be reduced. Such measures would include quitting smoking, practicing safe sex to prevent infections and seeking early prenatal care. Adopting these practices can significantly lower the chances of developing this condition.

It has also to be noted that women who have had an ectopic pregnancy can still conceive in the future, though their risk remains higher.

While ectopic pregnancy is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, early detection and treatment can definitely have a positive impact and protect a woman’s health. It is advisable for anyone experiencing symptoms to seek medical care at the earliest.